Source Articles
Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb
Showing 74 study arms
with grade ≥3 adverse event data (treatment-related and RT-related).
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Note on patient counts: some articles reported only percentages rather
than absolute numbers. Where this occurred, the number of patients — including those with
grade ≥3 adverse events — was derived by applying the reported percentage to the total arm
size, which may produce a non-integer value. These figures have been rounded to the nearest
integer for display.
| 1st Author | Year | Study Type | Title | DOI | clinical trial number | number of patients | median/mean age | tumor type | treatment setting | drug group | drug name | if other, please specify | number of SBRT courses | intracranial / extracranial | treated site | If other treated site, please specify | median/mean total RT dose [Gy] | minimum total RT dose [Gy] | maximum total RT dose [Gy] | median/mean number of fractions | minimum number of fractions | maximum number of fractions | median/mean dose per fraction [Gy] | minimum dose per fraction [Gy] | maximum dose per fraction [Gy] | toxicity type | patients with acute G>=3 toxicity | patients with late G>=3 toxicity | patients with G>=3 toxicity, timing unspecified | G>=3 AEs | patients with G>=3 AEs | details on G>=3 toxicity | details on G>=3 toxicity in RT field |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deming et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Tumor matrix proteoglycan accumulation and processing alters T cell effector function and the response to immunotherapy in patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer | 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-25-2780 | NCT02837263 | 15 | 64 | Colorectal cancer | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | liver | — | Missing | 40 | 60 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | 8 | 12 | RT-related | — | — | 1 | any G3-4: 1 AE | any G3-4: 1pt | any G3-4: biloma | any G3-4: biloma |
| Giordano et al. | 2026 | Prospective | A phase II study of atezolizumab in combination with stereotactic radiation for patients with triple-negative breast cancer and brain metastasis | 10.1007/s10549-026-07932-6 | NCT03483012 | 6 | 46 | Breast cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab | — | 19 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 20 | 20 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Lee et al. | 2026 | Prospective | The combination of a cancer vaccine, pembrolizumab, and stereotactic body radiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a single-arm, phase II study | 10.1038/s41467-026-69294-3 | NCT02648282 | 54 | 64.2 | pancreas | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | plus GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic pancreatic cancer vaccine | 54 | extra-cranial | other | pancreas | 33 | 33 | 33 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 6 | any G3: 7 AEs | any G3: 7 pts | any G3: diabetic ketoacidosis, colitis, elevated liver enzymes, nephritis, pneumonitis, rash | unknown |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 116 | 62 | Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Durvalumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Unknown drug | MEDI-4736 | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 12 | — | — | — | — |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 6 | 62 | Lung cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Head and neck | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | 0 |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 69 | 62 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 32 | 62 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Abdomen | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 2 | Missing | G3 or higher: 2 pts | — | — |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 31 | 62 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Pelvis | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 2 | Missing | G3 or higher: 2 pts | — | — |
| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 14 | 62 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Extremities | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 1 | Missing | G3 or higher: 1 pt | — | — |
| O'Kane et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Pembrolizumab and stereotactic body radiotherapy combined in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma post sorafenib - A phase II trial (PEMRAD) | 10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101658 | NCT03316872 | 18 | 66.5 | HCC | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 34 | extra-cranial | liver | — | 32.5 | 30 | 40 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 4 | any G3: 3 AEs, any G5: 1 AE | any G3: 3 pts, any G5: 1 pt | any G3: AST elevation, rash, aplastic anemia, any G5: myocarditis | unknown |
| Schvartsman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Pathologic Responses to Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Combination With Nivolumab for Early Stage NSCLC: A Phase 2 Study | 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2025.100940 | NCT04271384 | 25 | 66 | Lung cancer | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 25 | extra-cranial | lung | — | 50 | 50 | 54 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 18 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 2 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: diarrhea | — |
| So et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy With Pembrolizumab in Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Inhibitor-Refractory Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Phase 2 Trial | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.12.043 | NCT03085719 | 18 | 59 | Head and neck cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 27 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, other | head and neck | 40 | Missing | Missing | 5 | Missing | Missing | 8 | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 7 | any G3: 5 AEs, any G4: 2 AEs | any G3: 5 pts, any G4: 2 pts | any G3: dysphagia, esophagitis, fatigue, neck pain, pain, any G4: laryngeal edema, tumor site bleeding | unknown |
| Chen et al. | 2025 | Prospective | Consolidative stereotactic radiotherapy for oligo-residual non-small cell lung cancer after first-line chemoimmunotherapy: A single-arm, phase 2 trial from China | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004680 | NCT04767009 | 59 | 64 | Lung cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Missing | — | Missing | both | brain, liver, bone | — | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 13 | any G3: 24 AEs, any G4: 4 AEs | any G3: 11 pts, any G4: 2 pts | any G3: pneumonitis, anemia, platelet count decreased, neutrophil count decreased, fatigue, esophagitis, skin rash, diarrhea, AST increased, ALT increased, any G4: pneumonitis, platelet count decreased, neutrophil count decreased | unknown |
| Feng et al. | 2025 | Prospective | Safety and Efficacy of Radiotherapy Combined With Sintilimab in Advanced NSCLC Patients Who Progressed on First or Second Line Therapy: A Prospective, Multiple Center, and Single-Arm Study. | 10.1111/1759-7714.70043 | NCT04167657 | 14 | 67 | Lung cancer | — | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Sintilimab | — | — | extra-cranial | lung | 6 | 30 | — | — | 5 | — | — | 6 | — | — | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AE | any G3: 3 pt | any G3: immune-related myocarditis, thrombocytopenia, checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis | — |
| Kassardjian et al. | 2025 | Retrospective | Outcomes and toxicity of concomitant radioimmunotherapy following PD-1 blockade for locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | 10.3389/fonc.2025.1679699 | — | 4 | 79.5 | other | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Cemiplimab, Pembrolizumab | — | 4 | extra-cranial | cutaneous | — | 35 | 30 | 40 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Levy et al. | 2025 | Prospective | Monocyte-lineage tumor infiltration predicts immunoradiotherapy response in advanced pretreated soft-tissue sarcoma: phase 2 trial results. | 10.1038/s41392-025-02173-3 | NCT02992912 | 55 | 54 | Sarcoma | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab | — | 72 | extra-cranial | lung, bone, other | Missing | 41 | 30 | 45 | 3 | 3 | 3 | Missing | 10 | 15 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 1 | any G3: 1 AE | any G3: 1 pt | any G3: elevated CPK | — |
| Zhang et al. | 2025 | Prospective | A Randomized, Multicenter, Phase 2 Trial of Camrelizumab With or Without Metastasis-directed Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.10.019 | NCT04830267 | 19 | 51 | Head and neck cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Camrelizumab | — | N/A | extra-cranial | lung | liver, bones, lymph node | 27 | — | — | 3 | — | — | 9 | — | — | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AEs | any G3: 3 pts | any G3: anemia, blood bilirubin increased | — |
| Zhu et al. | 2025 | Retrospective | Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Augmented Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy Response in Heavily Pretreated Metastatic Osteosarcoma | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.11.042 | — | 18 | 15.5 | Sarcoma | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab, Tislelizumab, Toripalimab, Penpulimab, Sintilimab, Camrelizumab, Unknown drug | envafolimab | Missing | both | brain, lung, 25, bone, other | — | Missing | 24 | 60 | 5.5 | 3 | 10 | 7.75 | 5 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | Missing | — | any G3 or G4: pneumonitis, lymphocyte count decreased, bronchopleural fistula | Missing |
| Chiang et al. | 2024 | Prospective | Complete Response to Locoregional Therapy Plus Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. | 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.4085 | — | 63 | 69 | HCC | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Unknown drug | 49 pts also received local TACE to liver prior to SBRT | Missing | extra-cranial | liver | — | 35 | 27.5 | 45 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | 5.5 | 9 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 15 | Missing | G3 or higher: 15 pt | Missing | — |
| Chiang et al. | 2024 | Retrospective | Survival Outcome Analysis of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy (SBRT-IO) versus SBRT-Alone in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 10.1159/000533425 | — | 30 | 73 | HCC | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 100 | extra-cranial | liver | — | 30 | 25 | 45 | 5 | 5 | 5 | — | — | — | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 10 | G3 or G4: 7 AE | Missing | any G3 or G4: bilirubin elevated, AST/ALT elevated, fatigue, pruritis | — |
| Gandini et al. | 2024 | Prospective | Feasibility of stereotactic radiotherapy with pembrolizumab in patients with deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite unstable metastatic colorectal cancer | 10.1016/j.esmogo.2024.100069 | Missing | 11 | 66 | Colorectal cancer | Missing | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | Missing | Missing | — | 20 | 20 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Missing | 5 | 15 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AEs | any G3: 3 pts | any G3: bowel perforation in SABR field (could also be due to disease infiltration in intestinal wall and tumor shrinkage after RT), neuropathic pain after SABR on right biceps metastasis, pneumonia after lung SABR | any G3: bowel perforation in SABR field (could also be due to disease infiltration in intestinal wall and tumor shrinkage after RT), neuropathic pain after SABR on right biceps metastasis, pneumonia after lung SABR |
| Levy et al. | 2024 | Prospective | An international phase II trial and immune profiling of SBRT and atezolizumab in advanced pretreated colorectal cancer | 10.1186/s12943-024-01970-8 | NCT02992912. | 54 | 59 | Colorectal cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | liver, lung | peritoneal cavity and other sites (not specified) | 45 | 21 | 45 | 3 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Li et al. | 2024 | Prospective | Neoadjuvant tislelizumab plus stereotactic body radiotherapy and adjuvant tislelizumab in early-stage resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: the Notable-HCC phase 1b trial | 10.1038/s41467-024-47420-3 | NCT05185531 | 20 | 58.5 | HCC | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Tislelizumab | — | 20 | extra-cranial | liver | — | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 8 | any G3: 8 AE | any G3: 8 pt | any G3: Lymphocyte count decrease, platelet count decrease, white blood cell decrease, aspartate aminotransferase increase, neutrophil count decrease, alanine aminotransferase increase | — |
| Markussen et al. | 2024 | Prospective | Nivolumab With or Without Ipilimumab Combined with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in patients with Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer: A Randomized Phase 2 Study | 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-24-0286 | NCT05184400 | 19 | 66 | other | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | peritoneum, other sites not specified | 15 | 15 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 15 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | unknown | any G>=3: 3 pts | TRAEs not described separately | unknown |
| Vošmik et al. | 2024 | Prospective | Stereotactic Radiotherapy Plus Nivolumab in Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Results from Phase 1/2 Clinical CA209-9KH Trial. | 10.1007/s40487-024-00309-z | NCT04098432 | 15 | 58 | pancreas | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 15 | extra-cranial | other | Pancreas | 32 | 32 | 32 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 2 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: elevated liver enzyme levels, arthralgia | — |
| Chang et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy with or without immunotherapy for early-stage or isolated lung parenchymal recurrent node-negative non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial | 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01384-3 | — | 66 | 72 | Lung cancer | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung | — | Missing | 50 | 70 | Missing | 4 | 10 | Missing | 12.5 | 7 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 10 | Missing | any G3: 10 pt | Missing | — |
| Chen et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with sintilimab in patients with recurrent or oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase II clinical trial | 10.3748/wjg.v29.i24.3871 | NCT0385781 | 25 | 64 | HCC | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Sintilimab | — | 32 | Missing | Missing | — | 54 | 48 | 60 | 6 | 6 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AEs | any G3: 3 pts | any G3: increased gGT, decreased platelet count, myositis | unknown |
| Chiang et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Sequential transarterial chemoembolisation and stereotactic body radiotherapy followed by immunotherapy as conversion therapy for patients with locally advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (START-FIT): a single-arm, phase 2 trial | 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00339-9 | — | 33 | 68 | HCC | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab | also TACE | 33 | extra-cranial | liver | — | 30 | 30 | 35 | 5 | 5 | 5 | — | — | — | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 11 | G3: 24 AE, G4: 9 AE | G3: 3 pt, G4: 8 pt | any G3: ascites, weight gained, dizziness, hoarseness, maculopapular rash, urticarial rash, pruritis, dry skin, nausea, alanine aminotransferase increased, Aspartate aminotransferase increased, Gamma-glutamyl transferase increased, bilirubin increased, Alkaline phosphatase increased, hepatitis, dermatitis, any G4: weight gained, dizziness, hoarseness, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Aspartate aminotransferase increased, Hyponatraemia | — |
| Franzese et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | The impact of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy on oligoprogressive metastases from renal cell carcinoma | 10.1007/s00432-022-04352-z | — | 11 | 63.4 | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 74 | both | brain, lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, muscle, LN unspecified, other | pancreas | 40 | 16 | 60 | Missing | 1 | 6 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Horndalsveen et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Atezolizumab and stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: safety, clinical activity and ctDNA responses-the ComIT-1 trial | 10.1002/1878-0261.13330 | NCT03644823 | 21 | 61.7 | Lung cancer | — | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab | — | — | extra-cranial | lung | adrenal gland, liver, brain, | 18 | — | — | 3 | — | — | 6 | — | — | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AE | any G3: 3 pt | any G3: colitis, pneumonitis, skin toxicity | — |
| Juloori et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Phase 1 Randomized Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Followed by Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab or Nivolumab Alone in Advanced/Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.09.052 | NCT03203304 | 6 | 69 | HCC | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 6 | extra-cranial | liver | — | 40 | 40 | 40 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 4 AE | any G3: 3 pt | any G3: AST/ALT increased, hyponatremia, fatigue, generalized muscle weakness | — |
| Kievit et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Safety and tolerability of stereotactic radiotherapy combined with durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, the phase I SICI trial | 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.02.004 | — | 3 | 60 | Lung cancer | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab | — | 3 | extra-cranial | lung | — | 20 | 20 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | Treatment-rel. | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Mahase et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | Concurrent immunotherapy and re-irradiation utilizing stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas | 10.1002/cnr2.1788 | — | 10 | 48.5 | brain | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 10 | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 18 | 35 | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | 6 | 18 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Pouessel et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Hypofractionated Stereotactic Re-irradiation and | 10.1093/oncolo/oyad095 | NCT02866747 | 6 | 65 | brain | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab | — | 6 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 6 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: Vestibular neuritis, cerebellar syndrome, intracranial hypertension, fatigue, lung tuberculosis, aseptic lymphocytic meningitis | unknown |
| Rimner et al. | 2023 | Prospective | A Phase 1 Safety Study of Avelumab Plus Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma | 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100440 | NCT03399552 | 13 | 71 | other | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab | — | 13 | both | Missing | — | 30 | 24 | 35 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 4 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: Infusion-related allergic reaction, chest wall pain, myalgia, anorexia | any G3: Chest wall pain |
| Spaas et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Checkpoint Inhibitors in Combination With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: The CHEERS Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial | 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.2132 | NCT03511391 | 45 | 67 | Lung cancer, Head and neck cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 72 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | other unspecified | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | 8 | — | — | acute G3-4: unknown | acute G3-4: 18% of pts | acute G3: anorexia, dyspnea, diarrhea, rash, dysphagia, pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, acute kidney injury, hiccups, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute G4: colitis | acute G3: pneumonitis |
| Wu et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Safety and Efficacy Results From iSABR, a Phase 1 Study of Stereotactic ABlative Radiotherapy in Combination With Durvalumab for Early-Stage Medically Inoperable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.03.069 | NCT03148327 | 18 | 79 | Lung cancer | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab | — | 18 | extra-cranial | lung | — | 54 | 50 | 65 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 18 | 6.5 | 18 | Treatment-rel. | 2 | 5 | — | acute G3: 3 AEs, late G3: 7 AEs, late G4: 1 AE, late G5: 1 AE | acute G3: 2 pts, late G3: 3 pts, late G4: 1 pt, late G5: 1 pt | acute G3: pneumonitis, late G3: pneumonitis, sepsis, unstable angina, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, late G4: respiratory failure, late G5: death from respiratory failure | unknown |
| Zhou et al. | 2023 | Prospective | Safety and Tolerability of Low-Dose Radiation and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy + Sintilimab for Treatment-Naïve Stage IV PD-L1+ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients | 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-23-0315 | NCT03812549 | 29 | 65 | Lung cancer | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Sintilimab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung | — | 30 | 30 | 30 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 6 | any G3-4: 6 AEs | any G3-4: 6 pts | any G3-4: dermatitis, pneumonitis, hypertriglyceridemia, lipase increased, anaphylaxis, hypoadrenocorticism | unknown |
| Zhu et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | Effect of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy on Diverse Organ Lesions in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors | 10.1007/s11596-023-2702-0 | — | 147 | 59 | Lung cancer | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Tislelizumab, Toripalimab, Sintilimab, Camrelizumab | — | Missing | both | brain, lung, bone | — | Missing | 10 | 60 | Missing | 1 | 10 | Missing | 8 | 12 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 2 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: pneumonitis | any G3: pneumonitis |
| Abdulhaleem et al. | 2022 | Retrospective | Local control outcomes for combination of stereotactic radiosurgery and immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases | 10.1007/s11060-022-03951-7 | — | 80 | 63.7 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | 18.6 | Missing | Missing | 1 | 1 | 1 | 18.6 | Missing | Missing | RT-related | — | — | 2 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing |
| Chen et al. | 2022 | Prospective | Randomized Phase II Study of Nivolumab With or Without Ipilimumab Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Refractory Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (CheckPAC) | 10.1200/jco.21.02511 | — | 41 | 63 | pancreas | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 41 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, abdominal LN, other | pancreas | 15 | 15 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 15 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 10 | Missing | G3 or G4: 10 pt | any G3 or G4: fatigue, diarrhea, arthralgia, myalgia, increased ALT, increased AST, increased ALP, Guillain-Barre syndrome | — |
| Chicas-Sett et al. | 2022 | Prospective | Combination of SABR With Anti-PD-1 in Oligoprogressive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Melanoma: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Observational Study | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.013 | — | 50 | 64 | Lung cancer | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | other sites not specified | Missing | 24 | 35 | Missing | 3 | 5 | Missing | 7 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AE | any G3: 3 pt | any G3: nephritis, transaminase elevation | — |
| Kwan et al. | 2022 | Prospective | Avelumab Combined with Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: The Phase 2 ICE-PAC Clinical Trial | 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.011 | ACTRN12618000954224 | 31 | 71 | Prostate cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab | — | 31 | extra-cranial | bone | — | 20 | 20 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 5 | Missing | any G3 or G4: 5 pt | any G3 or G4: Infusion related reaction, bone pain, maculopapular rash, hyperglycemia, pneumonitis | — |
| Lin et al. | 2022 | Retrospective | Stereotactic body radiotherapy extends the clinical benefit of PD-1 inhibitors in refractory recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma | 10.1186/s13014-022-02073-8 | — | 7 | 46 | Head and neck cancer | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | all visible or main or only progressive lesions | Missing | 25 | 36 | Missing | 5 | 6 | Missing | 5 | 6 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AE | any G3: 3 pt | any G3: nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting | — |
| Masini et al. | 2022 | Prospective | Nivolumab in Combination with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Results of the Phase II NIVES Study | 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.09.016 | NCT0346971 | 69 | 66 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 66 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, adrenal gland, LN unspecified, other | bone, kidney | 30 | 30 | 30 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 18 | any G3-4: 16 AEs (Table 3) | any G3-4: 18 pts (Text) | any G3-4: rash, diarrhea, colitis, hyperamylsemia/hyperlipasemia, neurologic disorder, hematologic, fatigue | — |
| Sari et al. | 2022 | Retrospective | Results of concurrent radiotherapy and immunotherapy in recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer: A single-center experience | 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105658 | — | 15 | 55 | Head and neck cancer | — | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 25 | extra-cranial | cutaneous, cervical lymph nodes, axillary LN, other | Nasopharynx | 24 | — | — | 3 | — | — | 8 | — | — | RT-related | 0 | — | — | acute G3-4: none, late G3-4: unknown, late G5: 1 AE | late G3-4: unknown, late G5: 1 pt | late G5: skull base osteomyelitis | unknown |
| Siva et al. | 2022 | Prospective | Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Short-course Pembrolizumab for Oligometastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma-The RAPPORT Trial | 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.12.006 | NCT02855203 | 30 | 62 | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 64 | extra-cranial | lung, adrenal gland, bone, muscle, LN unspecified, other | soft tissue | 20 | 20 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 4 | any G3: 5 AEs | any G3: 4 pts | any G3: pneumonitis, ALT increased, dyspnea, AP increased | — |
| Wang et al. | 2022 | Retrospective | Neoadjuvant Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Blockade Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Stage III(N2) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Series | 10.3389/fonc.2022.779251 | — | 3 | 66 | Lung cancer | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Toripalimab | — | 3 | extra-cranial | lung | — | 50 | 50 | 50 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ahmed et al. | 2021 | Prospective | Nivolumab and Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Patients With Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: A Nonrandomized, Open-Label Phase 1b Study | 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100798 | NCT03807765 | 12 | 58 | Breast cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 17 | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 12 | 25 | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | 5 | 24 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 1 | any G3: 1 AE | any G3: 1 pt | any G3: cerebral edema | any G3: cerebral edema |
| Franzese et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy and its integration with systemic therapies in metastatic kidney cancer: a multicenter study on behalf of the AIRO (Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology) genitourinary study group | 10.1007/s10585-021-10131-w | — | 14 | Missing | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, muscle, LN unspecified, other | Renal bed, Pancreas | 36 | 10 | 75 | 5 | 1 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Kroeze et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Metastasis directed stereotactic radiotherapy in NSCLC patients progressing under targeted- or immunotherapy: efficacy and safety reporting from the 'TOaSTT' database | 10.1186/s13014-020-01730-0 | — | 33 | 63 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Missing | — | 192 | any | brain, lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, LN unspecified, other | Soft tissue (whole group) | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | 3 | 0 | — | acute G3: 4 AEs, acute G4: 1 AE | acute G3: 3 pts, acute G4: 1 pt | acute G3: headache, gait disturbance, nausea, acute G4: headache | — |
| Kroeze et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Stereotactic radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy or targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma | 10.1111/bju.15284 | — | 17 | 61 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Avelumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 128 | any | brain, lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | soft tissue | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | 1 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lee et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis : The Role of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery | 10.3340/jkns.2020.0135 | — | 24 | 65 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | 19 | 12 | 25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 12 | 25 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Mattes et al. | 2021 | Prospective | A Prospective Trial Evaluating the Safety and Systemic Response From the Concurrent Use of Radiation Therapy with Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.01.012 | NCT03035890 | 19 | 66 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, LN unspecified | — | Missing | 24 | 36 | Missing | 3 | 5 | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Minniti et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Leptomeningeal disease and brain control after postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery with or without immunotherapy for resected brain metastases | 10.1136/jitc-2021-003730 | — | 63 | 57 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 18 | 27 | Missing | 1 | 3 | Missing | 9 | 22 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 16 | unknown | any G3: 16 pts | any G3: Headache, seizure, brain edema, fatigue, diarrhea, increased AST, rash, and others | unknown |
| Ni et al. | 2021 | Prospective | Sintilimab, stereotactic body radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as second-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: safety run-in results of a multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial | 10.1186/s13014-021-01905-3 | NCT04106180 | 20 | 61 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Unknown drug | sintilimab, GM-CSF | 20 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, thoracic LN, abdominal LN, other | pleural nodule | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | 2 | — | — | acute G3: 3 AEs | acute G3: 2 pts | acute G3: ALT/AST elevation, heart failure | unknown |
| Scoccianti et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Immunotherapy in association with stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases: results from a multicentric retrospective study on behalf of AIRO | 10.1093/neuonc/noab129 | — | 100 | 65 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 163 | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | Missing | >18 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 4 | any G3: 4 AEs | any G3: 4 pts | any G3: radionecrosis, hypothyroidism, increasing of bilirubin, bowel perforation | any G3: radionecrosis |
| Wu et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Survival Benefits of Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Combination With Radiotherapy in Chinese Melanoma Patients With Brain Metastasis | 10.3389/fonc.2021.646328 | — | 18 | 48 | Melanoma | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Missing | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Xie et al. | 2021 | Prospective | Correction: Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Combination with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma | 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-4640 | NCT02311361 | 24 | Missing | pancreas | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | abdominal, thoracic | Missing | 8 | 25 | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | 5 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 4 | any G3-4: unknown | any G3-4: 4 pts | any G3-4: lymphocyte count decrased | — |
| Ye et al. | 2021 | Prospective | Nivolumab and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: ABSCOPAL-1 Clinical Trial | 10.3389/fonc.2021.657024 | ChiCTR-1900027768 | 14 | 54 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | Missing | extra-cranial | LN unspecified, lung | — | Missing | 40 | 50 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | 8 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Yuce Sari et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | Does Combined Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy Change the Outcome of Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas? | 10.7759/cureus.15852 | — | 8 | 52 | brain | primary | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 8 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 2 | any G3: 4 AEs | any G3: 2 pts | any G3: pneumonitis, osteoporosis, radiation necrosis | unknown |
| Chiang et al. | 2019 | Retrospective | Combined Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibition in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Potential Synergistic Treatment Strategy | 10.3389/fonc.2019.01157 | — | 5 | 78 | HCC | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | also TACE | 5 | extra-cranial | liver | — | Missing | 27.5 | 35 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 1 | G3 or higher: 2 AE | G3 or higher: 1 pt | G3 or higher: pneumonitis, skin reaction | — |
| Dengina et al. | 2019 | Prospective | Stereotactic body radiation therapy in combination with systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a prospective multicentre study | 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000535 | NCT02864615 | 5 | 54.5 | Kidney cancer | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 5 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | kidney | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Minniti et al. | 2019 | Retrospective | Stereotactic radiosurgery combined with nivolumab or Ipilimumab for patients with melanoma brain metastases: evaluation of brain control and toxicity | 10.1186/s40425-019-0588-y | — | 35 | 56 | Melanoma | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 18 | 27 | Missing | 1 | 3 | Missing | 9 | 22 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 6 | any G3: 14 AEs | any G3: 6 pts | any G3: Diarrhoea, Nausea/Vomiting, Increased AST and/or ALT levels, Fatigue, Rash/Pruritus, Muscle weakness, Headache, Hemorrhage, Seizure, Brain necrosis | unknown |
| Miyamoto et al. | 2019 | Prospective | Nivolumab and stereotactic radiation therapy for the treatment of patients with Stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer | 10.1093/jjco/hyy171 | unknown | 6 | Missing | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 6 | extra-cranial | lung | — | Missing | 25.5 | 48 | Missing | 3 | 4 | Missing | 8.5 | 12 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 1 | any G3: 1 AE | any G3: 1 pt | any G3: Pneumonitis | unknown |
| Sundahl et al. | 2019 | Prospective | Phase 2 Trial of Nivolumab Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced Inoperable Melanoma | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.041 | NCT02821182 | 20 | 60.5 | Melanoma | any | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab | — | 20 | extra-cranial | Missing | — | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 3 AEs | any G3: 3 pts | any G3: bullous pemphigoid, gastroenteritis, lymphopenia | any G3: bullous pemphigoid |
| Sundahl et al. | 2019 | Prospective | Randomized Phase 1 Trial of Pembrolizumab with Sequential Versus Concomitant Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma | 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.01.009 | NCT02826564 | 18 | 68 | Bladder cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 18 | extra-cranial | lung, axillary LN, abdominal LN, inguinal LN, other | local relapse at iliac veins, soft tissue lesion | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 1 | any G3: 1 AE | any G3: 1 pt | any G3: lymphopenia | — |
| Hubbeling et al. | 2018 | Retrospective | Safety of Combined PD-1 Pathway Inhibition and Intracranial Radiation Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.01.012 | — | 35 | 61 | Lung cancer | oligometastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Nivolumab, Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 99 | intra-cranial | Missing | — | 18 | 10 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 4 | 20 | RT-related | — | — | 9 | Missing | any G3 or G4: 9 pt | any G3 or G4: headache, radiation necrosis, dizziness, ataxia | — |
| Luke et al. | 2018 | Prospective | Safety and Clinical Activity of Pembrolizumab and Multisite Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors | 10.1200/jco.2017.76.2229 | — | 73 | 62 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, other | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 151 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, spine, bone, cervical lymph nodes, other | mediastinum/thoracic, abdominal/pelvic | Missing | 30 | 50 | Missing | 3 | 5 | Missing | 10 | 15 | Treatment-rel. | 7 | — | 7 | any G3: 6 AE | any G3: 6 pt | any G3: pneumonitis, colitis, hepatic toxicity | — |
| Nardin et al. | 2018 | Retrospective | Tolerance and outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery combined with anti-programmed cell death-1 (pembrolizumab) for melanoma brain metastases | 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000413 | — | 11 | 58 | Melanoma | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Pembrolizumab | — | 30 | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 12 | 35 | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | 6 | 24 | RT-related | — | 1 | — | late G3: 1 AE | late G3: 1 pt | late G3: Radiation necrosis | late G3: Radiation necrosis |
| Schapira et al. | 2018 | Retrospective | Improved Overall Survival and Locoregional Disease Control With Concurrent PD-1 Pathway Inhibitors and Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Lung Cancer Patients With Brain Metastases | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.02.175 | — | 8 | 63 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Atezolizumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | — | 21 | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 15 | 25 | Missing | 1 | 5 | Missing | 5 | 18 | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Trommer-Nestler et al. | 2018 | Retrospective | Robotic Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Melanoma Patients with Brain Metastases under Simultaneous Anti-PD-1 Treatment | 10.3390/ijms19092653 | — | 13 | 52 | Melanoma | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Missing | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | Missing | 18 Gy @65% | 20 Gy @65% | 1 | 1 | 1 | Missing | 18 Gy @65% | 20 Gy @65% | Treatment-rel. | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ahmed et al. | 2017 | Retrospective | Outcomes targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in conjunction with stereotactic radiation for patients with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases | 10.1007/s11060-017-2437-5 | — | 17 | 60 | Lung cancer | oligometastatic, metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab, Nivolumab | — | 49 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 24 | 18 | 25 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 24 | 5 | 24 | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Levy et al. | 2016 | Retrospective | Concurrent irradiation with the anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 immune checkpoint blocker durvalumab: Single centre subset analysis from a phase 1/2 trial | 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.013 | NCT01693562 | 10 | Missing | Missing | metastatic | Anti-PD-(L)1 mAb | Durvalumab | — | 3 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 84 | 78 | 92 | 2 | 1 | 3 | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |