Source Articles
Multi-target TKI
Showing 28 study arms
with grade ≥3 adverse event data (treatment-related and RT-related).
Click a column header to sort.
Note on patient counts: some articles reported only percentages rather
than absolute numbers. Where this occurred, the number of patients — including those with
grade ≥3 adverse events — was derived by applying the reported percentage to the total arm
size, which may produce a non-integer value. These figures have been rounded to the nearest
integer for display.
| 1st Author | Year | Study Type | Title | DOI | clinical trial number | number of patients | median/mean age | median follow-up [months] | tumor type | treatment setting | drug group | drug name | if other, please specify | number of SBRT courses | intracranial / extracranial | treated site | If other treated site, please specify | median/mean total RT dose [Gy] | minimum total RT dose [Gy] | maximum total RT dose [Gy] | median/mean number of fractions | minimum number of fractions | maximum number of fractions | median/mean dose per fraction [Gy] | minimum dose per fraction [Gy] | maximum dose per fraction [Gy] | toxicity type | patients with acute G>=3 toxicity | patients with late G>=3 toxicity | patients with G>=3 toxicity, timing unspecified | G>=3 AEs | patients with G>=3 AEs | details on G>=3 toxicity | details on G>=3 toxicity in RT field |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 19 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Cabozantinib, Nintedanib, Pazopanib, Sunitinib | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 6 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Nintedanib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 2 | Missing | G3 or higher: 2 pts |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 1 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Abdomen | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 2 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib, Sunitinib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Pelvis | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 1 | Missing | G3 or higher: 1 pt |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 1 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Extremities | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 6 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Crizotinib | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 1 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Crizotinib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 1 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Lapatinib | — | Missing | intra-cranial | brain | — | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 1 | Missing | G3 or higher: 1 pt |
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| Looman et al. | 2026 | Prospective | Adverse Events After Metastases-Directed Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Biological Cancer Therapy | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53809 | — | 1 | 62 | 18 | Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Esophagus cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Sarcoma, other | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Unknown drug | Imatinib | Missing | extra-cranial | other | Abdomen | — | — | — | Missing | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Yang et al. | 2026 | Retrospective | Safety and Efficacy of Combining Metastasis-Directed Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Versus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 10.4143/crt.2025.966 | — | 72 | 59 | 13.2 | HCC | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib, Regorafenib, Sorafenib | — | 90 | extra-cranial | lung, spine, bone, LN unspecified, other | Missing | 20 | 20 | 40 | Missing | Missing | Missing | 18 | 12 | 20 | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 1 | — | late G3: 1 AE | late G3: 1 pt |
late G3: fracture spine
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late G3: fracture spine
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| Dawson et al. | 2025 | Prospective | Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib Alone in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The NRG Oncology/RTOG 1112 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. | 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.5403 | NCT01730937 | 83 | 66 | 13.2 | HCC | primary | Multi-target TKI | Sorafenib | — | 83 | extra-cranial | liver | — | Missing | 20 | 50 | Missing | 2 | 5 | Missing | 6 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 39 | any G3: 35 AEs, any G4: 3 AEs, any G5: 1 AE | any G3: 35 pts, any G4: 3 pts, any G5: 1 pt |
any G3: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, duodenal perforation, duodenal ulcer, ascites, gastric/upper GI hemorrhage, lower GI hemorrhage, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartatte aminotrasnferase increased, blood bilirubin increased, platelet count decreased, skin, hypertension, any G4: hepatic failure, hepatic hemorrhage, platelet count decreased, any G5: lung infection
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| Keane et al. | 2025 | Prospective | Phase 2 Trial of Consolidative Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Oncogene-driven Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Treated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. | 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.10.022 | NCT02314364 | 1 | 59 | 57.1 | Lung cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Crizotinib | — | 1 | extra-cranial | spine, lung | — | 44 | 35 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 6 | Missing | Missing | Missing | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Goldsmith et al. | 2024 | Retrospective | Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Concurrent Targeted Therapy for Lung Metastases in Pediatric Sarcoma | 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101517 | — | 4 | 15 | 12.7 | Sarcoma | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib, Regorafenib | — | 14 | extra-cranial | lung | — | Missing | 30 | 60 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | 6 | 12 | RT-related | 0 | 0 | — | — | — |
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| Franzese et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | The impact of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy on oligoprogressive metastases from renal cell carcinoma | 10.1007/s00432-022-04352-z | — | 40 | 63.4 | 19 | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib, Sunitinib | — | 74 | both | brain, lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, muscle, LN unspecified, other | pancreas | 40 | 16 | 60 | Missing | 1 | 6 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 |
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| Ji et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | Lenvatinib with or without stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a retrospective study | 10.1186/s13014-023-02270-z | — | 37 | Missing | 39.6 | HCC | primary | Multi-target TKI | Lenvatinib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | liver | — | Missing | 45 | 55 | Missing | 5 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 7 | any G3: 7AEs | any G3: unknown pts |
any G3: Hypertension, Nausea/vomiting, Anorexia, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, AST/ALT elevation
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unknown
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| Loo Gan et al. | 2023 | Retrospective | Real-world Practice Patterns and Safety of Concurrent Radiotherapy and Cabozantinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium | 10.1016/j.euo.2022.10.004 | — | 50 | Missing | 15.6 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Cabozantinib | — | Missing | both | brain, lung, adrenal gland, bone, LN unspecified, other | soft tissue, other sites not specified | 27.25 | 8 | 50 | 5 | 1 | 13 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 3 | any G3: 2 AEs, any G4: 1 AE | any G3: 2 pts, any G4: 1 pt |
any G3: vasogenic edema, colitis, any G4: pneumonitis
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unknown
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| Guan et al. | 2022 | Retrospective | Safety and Efficacy of Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Anlotinib Targeted Therapy for Glioblastoma at the First Recurrence: A Preliminary Report | 10.3390/brainsci12040471 | — | 5 | 51 | Missing | brain | primary | Multi-target TKI | Unknown drug | Anlotinib | 5 | intra-cranial | brain | — | 25 | 25 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Cheung et al. | 2021 | Prospective | Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Oligoprogression in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Patients Receiving Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy: A Phase 2 Prospective Multicenter Study | 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.07.026 | NCT02019576 | 37 | 62 | 11.8 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib, Sunitinib | — | 57 | both | brain, lung, liver, adrenal gland, spine, bone, LN unspecified, other | spleen, pancreas | Missing | 27.5 | 49.5 | Missing | 2 | 5 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Franzese et al. | 2021 | Retrospective | The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy and its integration with systemic therapies in metastatic kidney cancer: a multicenter study on behalf of the AIRO (Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology) genitourinary study group | 10.1007/s10585-021-10131-w | — | 59 | Missing | 18.6 | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Cabozantinib, Pazopanib, Sunitinib, Tivozanib | — | Missing | extra-cranial | lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, muscle, LN unspecified, other | Renal bed, Pancreas | 36 | 10 | 75 | 5 | 1 | 10 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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| Gebbia et al. | 2020 | Retrospective | Stereotactic Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Patients With Oligo-progressive Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: Data From the Real World | 10.21873/anticanres.14730 | — | 28 | 64 | Missing | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib | — | Missing | both | brain, lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | kidney, skin | Missing | 21 | 50 | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 7 | any G3-4: 7 AEs | any G3-4: unknown pts |
any G3-4: Hypertension, diarrhea, anemia, liver, pneumonitis
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unknown
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| He et al. | 2020 | Retrospective | Survival Outcomes After Adding Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy to Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors | 10.1097/coc.0000000000000622 | — | 56 | 55 | 21, 7 | Kidney cancer | oligometastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib | — | — | both | brain, lung, adrenal gland, bone, abdominal LN, other | kidney | Missing | 25 | 45 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Missing | 5 | 9 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 4 | any G3: 5 AEs | any G3: 4 pts |
acute G3: anemia (60%), neuropathy, skin perforation
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unknown
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| Dengina et al. | 2019 | Prospective | Stereotactic body radiation therapy in combination with systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a prospective multicentre study | 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000535 | NCT02864615 | 7 | 54.5 | 8 | Kidney cancer | any | Multi-target TKI | Sorafenib, Sunitinib | — | 7 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | kidney | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Missing | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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| De Wolf et al. | 2017 | Prospective | Combined high dose radiation and pazopanib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a phase I dose escalation trial | 10.1186/s13014-017-0893-x | NCT02334709 | 13 | 66 | Missing | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Pazopanib | — | 13 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | soft tissue, pancreas | 30 | 24 | 36 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 12 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 5 | any G3-4: 6 AEs | any G3-4: 5 pts |
any G3-4: hypoglycemie, increased ALT and increased AST, hypertension
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| Goody et al. | 2017 | Prospective | Phase I trial of radiation therapy and sorafenib in unresectable liver metastases | 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.01.018 | NCT00892424 | 18 | 62 | Missing | Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Melanoma, other | primary, metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Sorafenib | — | 18 | extra-cranial | liver | — | Missing | 30 | 60 | 6 | 6 | 6 | Missing | 5 | 10 | Treatment-rel. | 10 | — | — | acute G3: 8, acute G4: 1 | acute G3: unknown pts, acute G4: 1 pt |
acute G3: generalized skin toxicity, hand foot syndrome, musculoskeletal, abdominal pain, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, acute G4: abdominal pain
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acute G3: abdominal pain
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| Miller et al. | 2016 | Retrospective | Spine stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent tyrosine kinase inhibitors for metastatic renal cell carcinoma | 10.3171/2016.4.Spine16229 | — | 25 | 57 | 15 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Pazopanib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib | — | 25 | extra-cranial | spine | — | 16 | 10 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Missing | 10 | 16 | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Miller et al. | 2016 | Retrospective | Spine stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent tyrosine kinase inhibitors for metastatic renal cell carcinoma | 10.3171/2016.4.Spine16229 | — | 45 | 61 | 13 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Axitinib, Pazopanib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib | — | 45 | extra-cranial | spine | — | 16 | 10 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Missing | 10 | 18 | RT-related | — | — | 0 | — | — |
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| Kao et al. | 2014 | Prospective | Concurrent sunitinib and stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with oligometastases: final report of a prospective clinical trial | 10.1007/s11523-013-0280-y | Missing | 46 | 64 | 43.2 | Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer, other, HCC, pancreas | oligometastatic | Multi-target TKI | Sunitinib | — | 85 | extra-cranial | lung, liver, bone, LN unspecified, other | visceral (adrenal, thyroid, inferior vena cava, chest wall) | 50 | 40 | 50 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 5 | Treatment-rel. | — | — | 15 | any G3: 21 AEs, any G4: 3 AEs, any G5: 2 AEs | any G3: unknown pts, any G4: unknown pts, any G5: 2 pts |
any G3: anemia, neutropenia, LFT abnormalities, thrombocytopenia, nausea/vomiting, bleeding, metabolic abnormalities, increased creatinine, any G4: anemia, thrombocytopenia, any G5: bleeding (of whom 1 pt due to reirradiation given prior to study treatment, not due to SBRT given in study)
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| Staehler et al. | 2011 | Retrospective | Simultaneous anti-angiogenic therapy and single-fraction radiosurgery in clinically relevant metastases from renal cell carcinoma | 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09895.x | — | 106 | 63.6 | 14.7 | Kidney cancer | metastatic | Multi-target TKI | Sorafenib, Sunitinib | — | Missing | both | brain, spine | — | 20 | 19 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 19 | 20 | RT-related | 0 | 0 | — | — | — |
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